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Do not put feet on airbags
What else have you been doing wrong? ?16 Things You’ve Been Doing Completely Wrong : FASHIONBEANSDrive safely!
The oldest wheel found in archeological excavations was discovered in what was Mesopotamia and is believed to be over 5,500 years old. It was not used for transportation, though, but rather as a potter's wheel. The combination of the wheel and axle made possible early forms of transportation, which became more sophisticated over time with the development of other technologies.
Key Takeaways: The Wheel
• The earliest wheels were used as potter's wheels. They were invented in Mesopotamia about 5,500 years ago.
• The wheelbarrow—a simple cart with a single wheel—was invented by the ancient Greeks.
• Though wheels are mainly used for transportation, they are also used to navigate, spin thread, and generate wind and hydroelectric power.
When Was the Wheel Invented?
Though often thought of as one of the earliest inventions, the wheel actually arrived after the invention of agriculture, boats, woven cloth, and pottery. It was invented sometime around 3,500 B.C. During the transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, the very earliest wheels were made of wood, with a hole in the core for the axle. The wheel is unique because, unlike other early human inventions such as the pitchfork—which was inspired by forked sticks—it is not based on anything in nature.
The Inventor of the Wheel
The wheel is not like the telephone or the lightbulb, a breakthrough invention that can be credited to a single (or even several) inventors. There is archaeological evidence of wheels dating back to at least 5,500 years ago, but no one knows exactly who invented them. Wheeled vehicles appeared later in various areas across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. The invention of the wheelbarrow—a one-wheeled cart used to transport goods and raw materials—is usually credited to the ancient Greeks. However, earlier evidence of wheeled carts has been found in Europe and China.
Wheel and Axle
The wheel alone, without any further innovation, would not have done much for mankind. Rather, it was the combination of the wheel and axle that made early forms of transportation possible, including carts and chariots. The Bronocice pot, a piece of pottery discovered in Poland and dating to at least 3370 B.C., is believed to feature the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle. The evidence suggests that small wagons or carts, likely drawn by cattle, were in use in Central Europe by this time in human history.
The first carts featured wheels and axles that turned together. Wooden pegs were used to fix the sledge so that when it rested on the rollers it did not move. The axle turned in between the pegs, allowing the axle and wheels to create all the movement. Later, the pegs were replaced with holes carved into the cart frame, and the axle was placed through the holes. This made it necessary for the larger wheels and thinner axle to be separate pieces. The wheels were attached to both sides of the axle.
Finally, the fixed axle was invented, wherein the axle did not turn but was solidly connected to the cart frame. The wheels were fitted onto the axle in a way that allowed them to freely rotate. Fixed axles made for stable carts that could turn corners better. By this time the wheel can be considered a complete invention.
Following the invention of the wheel, the Sumerians invented the sledge, a device consisting of a flat base mounted on a pair of runners with curved ends. The sledge was useful for transporting cargo over smooth terrain; however, the Sumerians quickly realized that the device would be more efficient once it was mounted on rollers.
Modern Uses of the Wheel
While the basic function of the wheel is unchanged, modern wheels are much different from the simple wooden wheels of the past. Innovations in materials science have made possible all kinds of tires for bicycles, cars, motorcycles, and trucks—including tires designed for rough terrain, ice, and snow.
While primarily used for transportation, the wheel also has other applications. Watermills, for example, use water wheels—large structures with a series of blades along the rim—to generate hydropower. In the past, watermills powered textile mills, sawmills, and gristmills. Today, similar structures called turbines are used to generate wind and hydroelectric power.
The spinning wheel is another example of how the wheel can be used. This device, invented in India over 2,500 years ago, was used to spin thread from natural fibers such as cotton, flax, and wool. The spinning wheel was eventually replaced by the spinning jenny and the spinning frame, more sophisticated devices that also incorporate wheels.
The gyroscope is a navigational instrument that consists of a spinning wheel and a pair of gimbals. Modern versions of this tool are used in compasses and accelerometers.
Urdhva Dhanurasana, otherwise known as upward facing bow or wheel pose (Chakrasana), is an intermediate/advanced backbend that offers many benefits to the body, mind, and spirit. Here are ten reasons to incorporate wheel pose into your yoga practice.
1. Wheel pose strengthens and lengthens the vertebrae, which increases elasticity and flexibility of the spine. As we age, our spines compress (hence the reason why grandmom lost a few inches later in life). However, many yoga poses, particularly wheel, create the necessary space in the spine to keep young and healthy, and standing tall.
2. Wheel pose strengthens your arms, wrists, abdomen, legs, shoulders and chest, so expect smooth, toned muscles.
3. This pose opens up the chest and strengthens the lungs. Wheel is also instrumental in allowing increased amounts of oxygen into the rib cage. Respiration will undoubtedly improve. Studies have shown that wheel induces therapeutic effects in practitioners with asthma. Remember to breathe deeply while holding the posture.
4. Wheel enhances the nervous system and improves hormone secretions that keep your body in optimal health. The hormonal balance that is attributed to wheel is said to aid in fertility.
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5. As you stretch in wheel pose, you remove fat buildup from your oblique area. When practiced regularly, you may notice a slimming effect.
6. Urdhva Dhanurasana loosens tight hips, hence, increased hip flexibility.
7. Wheel Pose energizes you physically and mentally. Dr. fone free download. Yogis believe it counteracts stress, depression and anxiety. This is due to stimulation of the thyroid and pituitary glands when engaged in the posture. You can definitely feel good about practicing wheel!
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8. Wheel is a full body pose that can reduce the onset of osteoporosis.
9. Wheel pose is said to ignite all seven of the chakras, keeping all the processes of the body in harmony with each other.
10. Wheel pose is a heart opening backbend. Heart openers are intended to cure any broken hearts from our past, while allowing ourselves new opportunity for love. Backbends require a bit of vulnerability, but you will soon be shining your heart and light to the world.
It is recommended to hold wheel pose for one to three minutes, gradually increasing the time with practice. Don’t fret if you have not incorporated wheel pose into your practice yet, as bridge pose is an earlier stage of the asana that may feel more accessible. Yoga poses, particularly advanced poses, have extreme health benefits but also contraindications. You should perform this pose with extreme caution if you have suffered a back injury, have carpal tunnel syndrome, heart irregularities, headaches, diarrhea or high or low blood pressure.
Pictured is Tara Stiles
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https://www.mindbodygreen.com/0-5661/10-Reasons-to-Love-Wheel-Pose.html
Crash Forensics provides wheel and hub failure analysis services for passenger vehicles and heavy trucks. Failure analysis services can be conducted 'on site' from our mobile lab or 'in house' in our automotive lab. Below is a discussion of wheel and hub failures. Link to our automotive expert.Crashes caused by wheels coming off of vehicles are commonly referred to as wheel runoff crashes. Two primary failures cause wheel runoff crashes. One is a failure of the wheel mounting system, such as the wheel studs, lug nuts, etc. The other cause is a failure of the hub and wheel bearing assembly. Most commonly, these failures are related to improper or deferred maintenance, but some are also linked to manufacturer's defects. Wheel System Failures Wheel system failures are primarily caused by the improper installation of a wheel that causes it to be loose or become loose. Commonly, a loose wheel causes the wheels studs to break and the wheel and tire to separate from the vehicle. Many root causes lead to loose wheels, but most of them are associated with over-torquing or under-torquing the lug nuts. A bolted joint, such as a wheel mounting system, works by tightly clamping two surfaces together. The friction of the two mated surfaces and the force created from clamping them together with bolts (Clamp Load) allows the surfaces to resist movement. The amount of friction and Clamp Load determines the level of resistance the joint has to movement. Clamp Load is created by tightening the bolts against the mated surfaces and is normally measured in foot pounds of torque with a torque wrench. If the bolt torque specified for a joint is applied, then the resultant Clamp Load should also be within specification. However, variations in the system such as rust or lubrication on the threads can affect the Clamp Load vs. torque relationship. Items in place between the mated surfaces can reduce the joint's friction and also alter the relationship between bolt torque and Clamp Load. This is called a Soft Joint. Two concepts are important to understanding how a bolt works. They are Elastic Deformation and Yield Point. Elastic Deformation is metal's or, in this case, a bolt's ability to stretch and spring back to its original shape. Yield Point is where the bolt has been stretched past its elastic limit and can no longer spring back to its original shape. This stretching of a bolt and its pulling back creates Clamp Load. If, however, a bolt is over-torqued, and stretches past its Yield Point it can no longer maintain the Clamp Load. Over-torquing is likely the most common wheel system failure due to the widespread use of impact wrenches to install wheels. Using an impact wrench to install wheels commonly causes the wheels to have 3 to 5 times the specified lug nut torque. The use of lubricants and anti-sizing compounds on the threads of the wheels studs or lug nuts can cause an even higher degree of over-torquing. The specific torque required to install a wheel varies from vehicle to vehicle. Generally, the proper torque for the lug nuts on passenger vehicles will be around 100 foot-pounds and the proper torque for big trucks will be around 400 foot-pounds. Impact wrenches commonly used to install wheels on passenger vehicles are capable of producing 300 to 500 foot-pounds of torque. Impact wrenches used to install wheels on big trucks can produce 1200 to 2000 foot-pounds or torque. Under-torquing is just simply not tightening the wheel lug nuts enough, causing the wheel to be loose. Under-torquing can be caused by corroded and damaged wheel system components. It can also be caused by using a cheap or worn-out impact wrench or by having a low air-pressure supply to an impact wrench. Another common cause of wheel system failures is too much wheel paint thickness. As specified by the Recommended Practice PR222B from The Maintenance Council (TMC) of The American Trucking Association 'Total thickness of the dried paint coating on each side of the wheel mounting face must not exceed 3 mils (.003 inch).' If the wheel's paint is too thick, then a soft joint is created and the system can fail. Paint thickness defects are not only caused by original production painting but also more commonly caused by the recondition or 'remanufacturing' of wheels. Wheel reconditioning generally involves 'sandblasting' used truck wheels and repainting them to make them look new. The reconditioning of wheels is typically being done by tire dealers and tire retreaders who do little to control paint thickness. Hub Failures There are four primary causes of hub failures. They are lack of lubrication, overloading the vehicle, installing the axle nut too tight, or installing the axle nut too loose. Usually, hub failures are progressive and will produce some evidence of the impending failure. Evidence of a failing hub can include leaking hub seals, tire tread wear anomalies, sounds, smells, smoke, and steering wheel feedback. The bearing preload is adjusted by tightening the axle nut down against two cone-shaped bearings. As the nut is tightened, the hub assembly becomes tight and the play is removed from the system. Once the bearing preload is adjusted, a lock is installed to prevent the axle nut from moving. Although, there are many types of locks for axle nuts, some common ones are a cotter pin placed through a castled hex nut or a keyed washer placed over a flat hex nut followed by a second nut to hold the washer in place. The proper method for adjusting and preloading bearings has 5 to 8 steps, but is rarely followed. Here is an example of one methedology published by the bearing manufacturer Timken:
A hub that is adjusted too loose will allow the hub and wheel assembly to oscillate laterally. This will cause bearing wear and will cause a further increase in hub looseness. The loose hub allows excessive movement of the bearing rollers resulting in roller cage wear and uneven race wear or 'scalloping'. If not repaired, the bearing play will increase progressively to the point where the hub fails. A hub that is adjusted too tight will not have a lubricant barrier between the bearing rollers and bearing races. Without a lubricant barrier, the bearing will overheat and fatigue. This condition will lead to full bearing lock up and hub separation if not corrected. This condition will be evidenced by heat discoloration and fatigue spalling on the bearings. Overloading a hub creates similar conditions as over-tightening the hub. The excessive weight forces the lubricant from between the bearing rollers and bearing races on the loaded side of the bearing causing localized heat and fatigue. Lack of lubrication also causes metal to metal contact between the bearings and races. This results in excessive heat, bearing and race scoring, and microspalling fatigue. This condition, if not corrected, will lead to bearing lock up and hub separation. The mechanism of failed hub separation can vary by the design of the hub. Some hubs have a small outer bearing and axle nut. When the outer bearing fails, the hub can just slip past the axle nut and remaining parts of the outer bearing. In hubs with large outer bearings, separation of the hub occurs when the oscillating hub causes the axle nut to be pulled off the axle like a bottle cap. In other cases, the axle nut is pulled off the axle, ripping the threads out of the axle nut and leaving the threads on the hardened axle relatively undamaged.
The key to getting good at roulette is understanding the logic of the game, and why it’s designed the way it is. While the positioning of the numbers on the wheel seems totally random at first, it most certainly isn’t. Avid players know that the positioning of the numbers is different in European and American roulette – this is certainly not done without some purpose. In this article, we will take a detailed look at the layouts of the different roulette wheels, as well as inspect the betting table.
American Wheel Sequence
The American version of roulette is known for having the highest casino advantage of them all, peaking at 5.26%. This is all because of the extra green slot, labelled ‘double zero’. With its addition, the total number of pockets on the American roulette wheel become 38. Clockwise, the sequence of numbers goes like this:
0, 28, 9, 26, 30, 11, 7, 20, 32, 17, 5, 22, 34, 15, 3, 24, 36, 13, 1, 00, 27, 10, 25, 29, 12, 8, 19, 31, 18, 6, 21, 33, 16, 4, 23, 35, 14, 2
European Wheel Sequence![]()
The more popular version of the roulette wheel features 37 pockets, including the numbers from 1-36, and only a single green zero pocket. Due to that, the house edge is significantly lower than that of the American version – European roulette has an average casino advantage of only 2.7%. The clockwise sequence of numbers on the wheel goes like this:
0, 32, 15, 19, 4, 21, 2, 25, 17, 34, 6, 27, 13, 36, 11, 30, 8, 23, 10, 5, 24, 16, 33, 1, 20, 14, 31, 9, 22, 18, 29, 7, 28, 12, 35, 3, 26
Bets Based on Wheel Sectors
The so-called ‘Announced’ or ‘Call’ bets are available exclusively on European/French roulette. They are the only bets that are not based on the layout of the table, but on the layout of the wheel. Here is a list of all such bets, along with the numbers they cover.
There is also one more bet, called a ‘neighbours’ bet, in which the players bet on 5 consecutive numbers, as seen on the roulette wheel.
The Logic Behind the Wheel Layout
The order of the numbers on the roulette wheel has nothing to do with their arithmetic value. This is one of the secrets that makes roulette such a balanced game – at least in theory. The sequence of numbers is carefully designed, and manages to accomplish several things at once:
As you can see, the layout of the numbers on the roulette wheel is all but random. Some clever thinking went into all of this, and as a result we have a game that is as close to the balance as possible.
The Roulette Table
The roulette table is pretty much the same across all variations of roulette. The only difference is that the American version has one more field, for the double zero. Both American and French versions clearly show the inside and outside bets, and the numbers are coloured correspondingly to the pockets on the wheel. The French Roulette table is the most different ones as it has a slightly different layout and it features the bet names in French. Still, these are only superficial differences that do not impact the return-to-player ratio. Check out the three main types of roulette table layouts in the picture below:
If the game you are playing features announced bets, there will probably be an additional betting table, known as a racetrack. It has all field for all possible call bets, including the ‘neighbour’ bet.
Knowing the Game Means Winning at It
Knowing how layout of the wheel and table will certainly help you get a better grasp on roulette, and eventually get better at it. We recommend you familiarise yourself with the different odds & probabilities, as well as give our tips section a peek. Then you will know everything you need to start playing online roulette with real money. Good luck!
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